Multicultural+Education+Court+Cases


 * MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION: HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVESCOURT CASES **
 * Issues of Race **
 * 1896–“//Plessy// v. //Ferguson// separate but equal schooling” is constitutional
 * 1954– //Brown// v. //Board of Education// “separate schooling is inherently unequal, and therefore, unconstitutional”
 * 1955– //Brown// v. //Board of Education II// schools must desegregate with “all deliberate speed”
 * 1964– Title VI of the Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination against students of schools receiving federal aid.
 * 1964–Title VII of Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination against employees of any school receiving federal aid.
 * 1965– The Voting Rights Act prohibits discrimination against U.S. citizens’ right to vote.
 * 1968—“//Green// v. //Country School Board of New Kent County// freedom of choice” plans could not be used to avoid desegregation
 * 1971—//Swann// v. //Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education// authorized mandatory bussing
 * 1977—//Milliken// v. //Bradley I and II// 1973, Detroit schools not allowed to mandate cross-district bussing usually thought to be the beginning of the end of bussing as a strategy for desegregation
 * 1972—//Larry P. v. Riles// changed assessment and placement practices of special education in California and had an impact throughout the nation.
 * 1972—//Keyes v. Denver School District No. 1// extended the obligation to desegregate beyond the South. The Court also allowed Hispanic children to be counted with Black children in judging whether or not a school is segregated.
 * Issues of Religion **
 * 1925— //Pierce// v. //Society of Sisters// legitimized parochial and other private schools
 * 1930– //Cochran v. Louisiana State Board of Education// upheld a lower court’s decision that providing school books to children in parochial and private schools did not violate the Constitution.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1943– //West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette// declared compelling children of the Jehovah’s Witness faith to salute the American flag unconstitutional.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1952– //Zorach v. Clausen// ruled that religious instruction during school hours does not violate the First Amendment if it takes place off school grounds and is conducted by teachers or religious figures independent of the school
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1962—//Engle// v. //Vitale// mandatory prayer violates separation of church and state
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1963—//Abington School District// v. //Schempp// public schools cannot begin the day with required prayer or Bible reading
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1968//— Epperson// v. //State of Arkansas// schools cannot ban the teaching of evolution
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1972– //Wisconsin v. Yoder// Amish children may be excused from compulsory schooling after the eighth grade.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1980—//Palmer v. Board of Education// ruled that a teacher’s right to religious beliefs must be respected, but those beliefs cannot be required of students.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1985– //Wallace v. Jaffee// state legislation authorizing a minute of silence for prayer or meditation, led by teachers, was unconstitutional.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1987—//Edwards// v. //Aguillard// no state can require that the Biblical version of creation be taught
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1990—//Board of Education of Westside Community Schools// v. //Mergens// students may organize and participate in Christian clubs that meet before or after school hours
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1992—//Lee v. Weisman// upheld a ban on prayers at high school graduation
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">Issues of Language **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1967– Elementary and Secondary Education Act provided federal funds for schools that wished to implement bilingual education programs designed for language minority students.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1968—Bilingual Education Act provided funding for bilingual education programs
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1968— //Diana// v. //State Board of Education// tests for eligibility for special education services must be given in the dominant language of the student
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1972 – //Guadalupe Organization, Inc. v. Tempe Elementary School District No.3// reevaluated students placed in special education classes based upon knowledge of the English language.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1974– Equal Educational Opportunities Act reaffirmed the failure of any educational agency to take action to overcome language barriers that impeded equal participation by students is a denial of equal educational opportunity.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1974—//Lau// v. //Nichols// affirmative steps must be taken by a school district to rectify language deficiencies
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1977—//Keyes// v. //School District No. 1// bilingual education is compatible with desegregation
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1979—//Martin Luther King, Jr. Elementary School Children// v. //Ann Arbor School District Board of Education// legitimated Black English as a dialect
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1998, California—Proposition 227 required schools to teach Limited English Proficient (LEP) students in special classes, mostly in English, for not more than one year
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">Issues of Gender **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1963 – Vocational Education Act Congress required states to make efforts to overcome sex discrimination and stereotyping in vocational education.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1972—Title IX, Education Amendments prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex in schools receiving federal aid
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1978– Pregnancy Discrimination Act prohibited discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1992— //Franklin// v. //Gwinnett County Public Schools// schools receiving federal funds can be sued for sex discrimination and harassment
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1998— //Alida Star Gebser and Alida Jean Mccullough// v. //Lago Vista Independent School District// made it difficult to recover damages from a school district for sexual harassment.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">Issues of Disability **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1973—Rehabilitation Act of 1973 expanded opportunities available to persons with disabilities.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1976— Education of All Handicapped Children Act made schools responsible for education “in the least restrictive environment”
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1982– //Board of Education of Hendrick Hedson Central School District v. Rowley// school districts must provide “supportive services” for children with disabilities, but may not be required to provide services above “the basic floor of opportunity”
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1984 //–Irving Independent School District v. Tatro// sometimes certain services might be required to make basic educational opportunities available and required the school to pay for her catheterization.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1988—//Honig// v. //Doe// special education students who are disruptive may not be suspended or expelled without due process
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1990—Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) extended services to age 21
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1992—Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) extended rights of people with disabilities to the private sector
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">Issues of Social Class and School Funding **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1965— Elementary and Secondary Education Act provides funding for Title I and for Head Start
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1971– //Serrano v. Priest// declared the dependence on local property taxes as a source of school funding was unconstitutional.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1973– //San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez// ruled that disparities in school funding based on differences in local property taxes were not unconstitutional under the Constitution, but might be under various state constitutions. Placed the burden of financial inequities in the hands of the states.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1981—Elementary and Secondary Education Act Title I is renamed Chapter 1
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1989—//Rose// v. //Council for a Better Education// Kentucky Supreme Court declares property tax basis for school funding unconstitutional
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">1991—Elementary and Secondary Education Act Title I renamed Title 1
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 115%;">2001—Elementary and Secondary Education Act No Child Left Behind Act vastly increases federal role in public education